Determination of Implied Orders in a Trade Matching System

ABSTRACT

A computer implemented method for determining implied orders in an electronic trading system is provided. The method comprises receiving a first set of one or more real orders, wherein the orders are not tradable against each other. One or more implied orders are identified within the first set of real orders. Market data corresponding to the implied orders can also be identified. At least one additional order is received and the tradability of the additional order is determined against the real or implied orders within the first set of real orders. A resting set of orders is determined from those real and implied orders within the first set of orders not affected by the tradability of the additional order. Implied orders are determined from within the set of resting orders.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/700,406, filed Nov. 4, 2003, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/368,966, filed Mar. 6, 2006, which is a division of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/971,172, filed on Oct. 4, 2001, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/032,379, filed Feb. 15, 2008, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to software, systems and methods forelectronic trading in a commodities exchange, derivatives exchange orsimilar business involving tradable items where orders from buyers arematched with orders from sellers.

BACKGROUND

Electronic trading systems allow entry of a bid or offer for aparticular tradable item. These simple bids and offers are calledoutright orders, in contrast with spread orders, discussed in moredetail below.

A spread order is the simultaneous purchase and sale of two tradableitems, such as futures contracts for different months, differentcommodities, or different grades of the same commodity. Each bid andoffer component of a spread is termed a bid leg and an offer legrespectively. Real orders are orders that are entered into the system bytraders. The traders enter the appropriate information into the tradingsystem and release the order into the system as an open order. Realorders may be entered for any tradable item in the system including, butnot limited to, futures, options, inter-commodity spreads,intra-commodity spreads, futures strips, etc.

Implied orders, unlike real orders, are generated by the system on thebehalf of traders who have entered real orders. For example, an impliedspread may be derived from two real outrights. The system creates the“derived” or “implied” order and displays the market that results fromthe creation of the implied order as a market that may be tradedagainst. If a trader trades against this implied market, then the realorders that combined to create the implied order and the resultingmarket are executed as matched trades.

Trading systems that derive implied orders are often limited bycomputing capacity and speed. Prior-art trading systems do not have anefficient method of determining all possible or best possible impliedmarkets, especially when the order combinations involve more than a feworders.

Contemporary trading systems are typically implemented with distributedarchitectures. These systems include functional components with a highdegree of logical separation so that each component is largely insulatedfrom the actions of other components. Distributed systems leverage theimproved abilities to communicate between system components so thatcomplex functions can be implemented as many small components. Thesesmaller components are easier to design and maintain, and provide muchgreater flexibility in adapting to a variety of computerhardware/operating system environments.

The order matching function in a trading system is typically performedby a specialized component referred to as the Match Engine, of whichthere may be multiple instances. Each Match Engine is a specializedorder matching component that receives orders, stores them internally,calculates tradable combinations and advertises the availability of realand implied orders in the form of market data. When the traders usingthe system respond to the market data by sending additional orders,these are received by the Match Engine, which then attempts to matchthem with previously received orders or combinations thereof. The MatchEngine executes the possible trades and communicates the results.

Implied orders frequently have better prices than the corresponding realorders in the same contract. This can occur when two or more tradersincrementally improve their order prices in hope of attracting a trade.Combining the small improvements from two or more real orders can resultin a big improvement in the implied order. In general, advertisingimplied orders at better prices will encourage traders to enter theopposing orders to trade with them. The more combinations that the MatchEngine can calculate, the greater this encouragement will be, and themore the exchange will benefit from increased transaction volume.However, as the number of advertised orders increases, so does the timerequired to calculate and publish them as market data. This creates aproblem for the exchange, since traders expect a quick response from thetrading system and are ready to take their business elsewhere if they donot get it.

In prior-art systems, the inability to calculate and publish impliedorders in a timely manner has limited their use. In these systems only afew simple combinations are calculated and then only for a small numberof heavily traded contracts. In contrast, implementation of the presentinvention allows for the efficient calculation of large combinations forlarge numbers of related contracts. It accomplishes this by dividing thecontracts inside the Match Engine into groups that can be calculated inparallel and by filtering the market data so that implied orders with agreater probability of trading are reported more promptly and morefrequently.

The discussion of the background to the invention herein is included toexplain the context of the invention. This is not to be taken as anadmission that any of the material referred to was published, known, orpart of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of any ofthe claims.

Throughout the description and claims of the specification the word“comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprising” and “comprises”,is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers orsteps.

SUMMARY

The present invention generally relates to systems and methods foridentifying and calculating implied orders in an electronic tradematching system. A method is provided whereby implied orders can becalculated from a set of real orders. In an implementation, thecalculations may be performed in parallel to achieve greater speed andthe search for implied orders may be limited to those with the greatestpotential to earn revenue for the operator of the trading system. Amethod is also provided to reduce the amount of computation required foreach new order or set of orders received by the trading system.

In an implementation, a computer implemented method for determiningimplied orders in an electronic trading system is provided. The methodcomprises receiving a first set of one or more real orders, wherein theorders are not tradable against each other. One or more implied ordersare identified within the first set of real orders. Market datacorresponding to the implied orders can also be identified. At least oneadditional order is received and the tradability of the additional orderis determined against the real or implied orders within the first set ofreal orders. A resting set of orders is determined from those real andimplied orders within the first set of orders not affected by thetradability of the additional order. Implied orders are determined fromwithin the set of resting orders.

In an implementation a first set of real orders and the additional ordercan be translated according to a syntactic mapping of a modelinglanguage. The translation can include mapping a unique trading systemidentifier for a tradable order onto a pair of nodes associated withelements on a contract grid, and mapping of prices with trading systemunits and decimal precisions onto common unit or unit-free integerprices with either the buy or the sell prices multiplied by negative oneso that tradability is represented by a zero or negative sum of orderprices.

In an implementation identification of one or more orders implied by thefirst set of real orders includes calculation of one or more shortestpath trees, said shortest path trees including one or more nodes. The atleast one additional real order can be categorized according to itseffect on a directed edge. The shortest path trees can be analyzed todetermine which trees or nodes within a tree are affected by the atleast one additional order. A new value for each affected tree can becalculated, wherein the calculation for each affected tree is allocatedto an independent thread of execution. The new value calculations can bemerged with identified implied orders and associated market data. Theidentified implied orders and market data can be reported in a messagesuitable for translation to external form.

Various implementation can include one or more of the followingfeatures. Categorizing the additional market order comprises thecategories of: better best price, worse best price, greater volume inbest level, and less volume in best level. Analyzing the shortest pathtrees identifies potentially changed trees as members of a root set.Analyzing the shortest path trees identifies the potentially changednodes within each tree as the members of a global change set orroot-specific change set. Allocation to an independent thread furthercomprises calculation of one or more parameters that an independentthread can use to compute a root specific change set. Filter criteriacan be set that limit implied orders or related market data associatedwith affected trees. The filter criteria are related the probabilitythat an implied order in a specific tradable contract will result in anexecuted trade. The probability is based on relationship between thesize of a bid/ask spread and the volume traded at that spread. Theprobability is based on a time difference between the identification ofan implied order and an order that trades with the implied order. Thefilter criteria are adjusted automatically to expand or contract theamount of published market data in response to changes in tradingconditions. The changes in trading conditions comprises the rate atwhich the first or second set of market orders are received. Calculatingthe shortest path trees includes recording of alternative paths in animplied edge collection when an indirect path is at the same price as adirect path but worse in a non-price property. The non-price propertycomprises time, volume, time and volume, or detection order.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description anddrawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a distributed trading architecture in which the presentinvention is implemented;

FIG. 2 shows a Match Engine with a layered architecture;

FIG. 3 shows the contract grid for a simple implication group;

FIG. 4 shows exemplary decorated order elements;

FIG. 5. shows some common order symbols. These can be placed on thecontract grid to represent the state of the Match Engine or used in asequence of expressions to model an input message stream.

FIG. 5 shows the correspondence between contracts in the implicationgroup and pairs of node numbers on the contract grid;

FIG. 6 shows the contract grid for a simple implication group with eightorders whose prices are given in simple dimensionless numbers;

FIG. 7 shows an equivalent graph representation of the orders withoutthe details of specific contracts;

FIG. 8 shows the addition of sentinel-priced orders to compute theshortest path tree from node zero to all nodes in the contract grid;

FIG. 9 shows the shortest path tree (SPT) as it might be computed by theBellman-Ford algorithm, along with a numerical representation of thetree structure and the weights of the nodes;

FIG. 10 shows the calculation of new edge weights that are guaranteed tobe non-negative, a process referred to as reweighting;

FIG. 11 shows the contract grid of FIG. 6. with the addition of moreorders;

FIG. 12 shows an equivalent graph representation of the orders in FIG.11;

FIG. 13 shows the SPT rooted at node 0;

FIG. 14 shows the SPT rooted at node 1;

FIG. 15 shows the SPT rooted at node 2;

FIG. 16 shows the SPT rooted at node 3;

FIG. 17 shows the SPT rooted at node 4;

FIG. 18 shows the SPT rooted at node 5;

FIG. 19 shows the SPT rooted at node 6 in the same simplified form asthe trees in FIG. 13 to FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 shows the numerical representation of all 7 shortest path treesin the form of an SPT matrix, represented as spt[i,j] as it would appearin a programming language;

FIG. 21 shows a list of Implicator events which can be used tocategorize an input message to the Match Engine according to how it canaffect an edge;

FIG. 22 shows traded volume versus prior bid/ask spread histograms forboth a liquid market and an illiquid market.

FIG. 23 shows the performance of an exemplary Match Engine.

FIG. 24 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of determining impliedorders.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is illustrated and described in terms of adistributed computing system. The particular examples identify aspecific set of components useful in a futures and options exchange.However, many of the components and inventive features are readilyadapted to other electronic trading environments. The specific examplesdescribed herein may teach specific protocols and/or interfaces,although it should be understood that the invention is readily extendedto other protocols and interfaces in a predictable fashion.

Regulated and unregulated exchanges and other electronic tradingservices make use of electronic trading systems. An example of thefunctional layout of such a system is shown in FIG. 1. In this example,the electronic trading system consists of the components inside thesystem boundary 100. The client 109 and the price reporting system 110are outside the system but communicate with it using a communicationsnetwork such as the Internet. The term client is used generically toindicate any user operated device or other networked device capable ofcommunicating with the electronic trading system.

In an exemplary implementation, the client 109 transmits electronicorders to an Order Submission Point 102 by way of a communicationnetwork 101, such as the Internet. It is contemplated that OrderSubmission Points may take on a wide variety of application-specificdesigns to suit the needs of particular brokerages, investors,investment plans and the like. It is also contemplated that theelectronic trading system may contain multiple Validators, MatchEngines, Persist components, Ticker Plants, Market Data Servers andMarket Data Distribution Servers. The routing of messages between thesecomponents is readily managed with commercially available hardware andsoftware. It should be understood that descriptions are given in thesingular only to simplify the exposition.

The Order Submission Point 102 communicates with the Validator 103. TheValidator checks the properties of the new order against establishedcriteria and communicates the validated order to the relevant MatchEngine 104. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that the new order did not matchany previously entered orders, so the Match Engine communicates areceived order to the Persist component 105, which stores the order inits database. In FIG. 1, it is also assumed that the storage of theorder by Persist constitutes its “official” reception by the tradingsystem, so Persist communicates an execution report to the OrderSubmission Point 102, from which it is communicated to the originator ofthe order.

The Match Engine communicates the existence of the new order and anyimplied orders that it created to the Ticker Plant 106, which in turncommunicates with the Market Data Server 107. The Ticker Plant occupiesthis position between the Match Engine and the Market Data Serverbecause its function is to aggregate data from several sources andcommunicate with components outside the electronic trading system, suchas the Price Reporting System 110. The Market Data server maycommunicate market data to the client 109 in a variety of ways. Forexample, the data may be sent to the Order Submission Point 102 forcommunication with the client over the same link as the executionreport, or sent to a Market Data Distribution Server 108 that cancommunicate with any number of clients.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the operations of a MatchEngine 104 may be performed in more than one part of a trading networkor in related systems. For example, the calculation of implied ordersmay be done by traders at their trading stations in search of arbitrageopportunities between trading networks or match engines. It is alsopossible to perform these calculations outside a trading network for theevaluation of possible trading strategies, for instruction, regulationor in the solution of other problems where trading is used as a model.

In some implementations, the Match Engine 104 will have a layeredarchitecture as shown in FIG. 2. The Match Engine communicates withother components using a message bus 201. Incoming messages aretranslated by an Adaptation Layer 202 into events that can be processedby a Match Engine Core 203, sometimes referred to simply as the Core.The output messages from the Core are translated by the Adaptation Layerback into messages that can be transmitted to other parts of the tradingsystem using the message bus 201. The Core 203 contains the program coderequired to calculate implied orders. This program code is referred toas the Implicator. The present invention is a new type of Implicatorthat uses graph theory, parallel processing and revenue shaping of theimplied market data to increase its speed of calculation, publishing andtrading overall. Although this example shows the Implicator as part of aMatch Engine in an electronic trading system, the Implicator can be usedin any system where implied orders need to be calculated. An example ofsuch a system is the client software used by a trader to receive marketdata and search for arbitrage opportunities on multiple electronictrading systems.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a Match Engine Core andits Implicator may be implemented in a programming language such as Javaor C++ that allows multiple threads of execution and that a program withmultiple threads may be executed on a computing system with multiplecentral processing units (CPU). In such an implementation, if theprogram is correctly designed, the threads will execute in parallel andthe time taken to execute all of the threads can be as short as the timetaken by the single longest thread. If there are more threads than CPUs,then the execution time will depend on how many threads must be executedsequentially on each CPU. In FIG. 2, it is contemplated that the Corewill be implemented in such a language and that the calculation ofimplied orders by the Implicator will be accelerated by performing manyindependent calculations in parallel on separate threads.

An Implicator operates on a group of contracts referred to as animplication group. In futures trading, an implication group consists ofoutright contracts and combination contracts that can trade with eachother. An outright contract is defined by a product and a deliveryperiod, such as West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil delivered at Cushing,Okla. in the month of January 2008. A combination contract is defined bytwo or more outright contracts which are referred to as legs. Thesimplest of these is the calendar spread, which is a contract to buy aproduct in one delivery period and sell it in another. The simplestpossible implication group consists of two outrights and the spreadbetween them.

It is possible to define combination contracts with any number of legs.Further examples of these include the intercommodity spread with twolegs, the 3:2:1 ratio spread with three legs and the yearly strip withtwelve legs. Any number of such contracts may be placed in animplication group so long as any combination contract that belongs tothe group also has all of its outright leg contracts as members of thegroup. It is not necessary for every possible combination of theoutright contracts to correspond to a tradable combination contract.

An example of a technique for defining implicable contracts andcalculating the implied orders that can trade in such contracts can befound in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/032,379. The modelinglanguage and implication techniques described therein make use of graphtheory, which is the study of mathematical structures used to modelpairwise relations between objects from a certain collection. A “graph”in this context refers to a collection of vertices or “nodes” and acollection of edges that connect pairs of vertices. The type of graphused in the technique is sometimes referred to more specifically as a“directed graph,” since each edge is defined with a source node and atarget node, and is directed from the source to the target.

A visual Match Engine Modeling Language (MEML) includes a concretesyntax, an abstract syntax for constructing expressions in the language,a syntactic mapping for associating expressions with elements of thetrading system and a semantic mapping to relate modeling languageexpressions to real-world business requirements. The contract grid shownin FIG. 3 is an example of an expression. The decorated order elementsshown in FIG. 4 are also expressions. The modeling language allows theseexpressions to be combined, so that decorated order elements can beplaced on the contract grid to represent the presence of resting ordersin the Match Engine Core.

In an implementation, the Adaptation Layer performs syntactic mapping ofa set of orders, such as a set of resting orders. The Adaptation Layerassociates contract identifiers in the external trading system withpairs of nodes in the graph defined by the contract grid in the MatchEngine Modeling Language. It associates external trading system pricesin real world units like barrels and gallons in a futures contract withmachine prices in scaled units that are internal to the Match EngineCore and common to all the contracts in the implication group.

The Adaptation Layer also applies a price conversion factor based onwhether the order is a buy or a sell. Orders submitted by marketparticipants as real orders may be either buys (bids) or sells (asks).The prices of these orders may be positive or negative, but in general atrade is possible when the bid is equal to or better than the askingprice. When an order is placed on the contract grid, buys and sells aredistinguished by their starting and ending points. The external price ofa buy order is multiplied by −1 and the external price of a sell orderis multiplied by +1 (i.e. no change) to express them as machine prices.As a result, the sum of the machine prices of two or more orders thatcan trade together will be equal to or less than zero.

The simple contact grid in FIG. 3 can be used to illustrate the presentinvention. The implication group consists of two products: Heating Oil301 designated by “HO” and West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil 302designated by “CL”. There are three delivery periods 304 designated bythe generic months January (“F”), February (“G”) and March (“H”). Thereis also a virtual node 303 as required by the graph theoryrepresentation of outright orders as spread orders between a virtualcontract and a real contract. The nodes of the graph are numbered from 0to 6 and the tradable contracts correspond to node pairs as summarizedin FIG. 5. It is understood that an actual trading system will requiremuch larger grids for its implication groups.

FIG. 6 shows the placement of eight real orders on the contract grid.The real order prices are shown as machine prices. For convenience, thescaled prices are shown as simple integers in a common unit which isleft unspecified. The real order volumes and time priorities are alsoleft unspecified for the time being. The 0-1 edge 601 represents anoutright order to sell January Heating Oil (“HOF”) at a price of 2, andthe 2-3 edge 602 represents a spread order to buy February Heating Oiland sell March Heating Oil at a price of 1. It is understood thatHeating Oil prices are typically given in real world units of dollarsper gallon and Crude Oil prices in units of dollars per barrel, and thatthe Adaptation Layer will scale the input values appropriately.

Real orders for arbitrary outright and combination contracts can beexpressed with directed edges on a graph. Implied orders in a specificcontract can be calculated as the shortest path between thecorresponding nodes. Various methods can be used to calculate theshortest paths including, without limitation: Floyd's algorithm, theBellman-Ford algorithm, Dijkstra's algorithm and Johnson's algorithm.The method used to calculate the shortest path between nodes depends onthe structure of the implication group and the distribution of ordersamong various contracts, and can be implemented with the algorithms mostsuited to the orders likely to be encountered.

Implementations described herein include techniques for minimizing theamount of computation required. Implementations use various propertiesof electronic trading to parallelize and prioritize the computations.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary implementation wherein, thecommunication between the Adaptation Layer 202 and Match Engine Core 203is shown in terms of input events and output responses. Incoming eventsor orders are categorized into Implicator events depending on thechanges they cause to a stored edge. Current implied markets areanalyzed to determine which shortest paths will be changed by thechanged edge and how much of each path needs to be recalculated.Independent subgroups of implied calculations are allocated to a numberof independent threads of execution. Filter criteria are set to limitthe reporting of implied orders to those of the greatest business valueand to terminate the calculations as soon as these are found. Criteriaare set for managing the execution of the independent threads onseparate processors. And the results are merged into a single messageappropriate for translation by the Adaptation Layer for publication asmarket data to other components of the trading system.

The parallelization and prioritization techniques are illustrated, forexample, using the calculation of implied orders using Dijkstra'salgorithm on reweighted edges. At the end of this step, the techniquesof the present invention will be illustrated using the shortest pathtrees resulting from the Dijkstra calculation. Those of skill in the artwill appreciate that the categorization, analysis, allocation,filtering, thread management and merging techniques of the presentinvention do not depend on the specific form of shortest pathcalculation so long as there is a means of assigning shortest path treesor similar subgroups of implied market data to independent threads. TheImplicator can take advantage of further innovations in this area aswell as prior-art techniques such as those taught by U.S. Pat. Nos.6,356,911 and 7,280,481.

In an implementation, an edge corresponds to the best price level on agiven side of a contract. The price of the edge is the price of the bestlevel. The volume of the edge is the total volume of all the orders atthe best price level. The time priority of the edge is the time priorityof the first order to arrive, also referred to as the front-of-queueorder.

The definition of shortest path is extended to include these propertiesof the edge. The price of a path is the sum of all the edge prices inthe path. The path volume is the minimum volume of any of the path'scomponent edges. The path time is the maximum time priority number ofany of the path's component edges. This is the time priority of theorder that “completes” the implied, i.e. the last component order toarrive in the Match Engine. The priority of a path is determined firstby the price. If two paths have the same price, then the path with theearliest time priority is “shorter” (i.e. takes precedence) and isconsidered to be of higher priority. If two paths have the same priceand time priority, then the path with the greatest volume takesprecedence and is considered to be of higher priority. If all threeproperties are the same then, in the current implementation, thealgorithm selects the first discovered path as being of higher priority.In another implementation, however, additional edge properties could beincluded in this algorithm for determination of the highest prioritypath.

Given that a real order is defined as an edge from one node to another,an implied order is simply a path from one node to another whose price,time priority and volume are calculated as from the prices, timepriorities and volumes of the component edges. It is understood that anincoming real order that trades against this implied order will actuallytrade against several chains of orders that form the same path. Eachedge will have a front-of-queue order and the volume of the any tradecannot exceed the volume of the smallest front-of-queue order. If theincoming real order is greater in volume than the smallestfront-of-queue order but less than the aggregated volume of the path,then successive trades are executed until either the input order or theimplied path is eliminated.

A virtual node can be included as part of the concrete syntax of theMatch Engine Modeling Language. This allows real outright orders to beexpressed as spreads between the virtual node and the node thatcorresponds to the product and delivery month that define the outright.In some implementations, a directional convention can be includedwhereby real outright sell orders correspond to the outgoing edges fromthis node. Taken together, these properties make the shortest path fromthe virtual node to a given outright node equivalent to the lowestmarket asking price for the given outright contract. In the descriptionthat follows, the general concept of reweighting relative to anarbitrary real or virtual node, which is known to those of skill in theart, has been applied to the specific virtual node as the origin of thesell outrights being represented as spreads. This gives the subsequentreweighted edge prices a specific business meaning that can be exploitedto manage the computations.

The first step in calculating the implied orders is to compute theweights of the nodes in the order graph relative to the virtual node.FIG. 7 shows how the order graph of FIG. 6 can be represented moresimply with numbered nodes and weighted edges. Order 601 in FIG. 6 isshown as edge 701 in FIG. 7 and order 602 in FIG. 6 is shown as 702 inFIG. 7. FIG. 8 shows the addition of sentinel-priced orders 801 toassign prices to unreachable nodes. The sentinel prices are defined asreal prices that are much greater than any price that would beencountered in practice, such as $10,000,000.00 per barrel for oil. Thistechnique allows absent edges to be identified with a simple pricecomparison, which is faster in execution and simpler to implement.

FIG. 9 shows the shortest path tree 901 that would result from theapplication of the Bellman-Ford algorithm. The spt[j] one-dimensionalarray 902 contains the predecessor of each node in the tree (i.e. node jis preceded by node spt[j]) and the wt[j] one-dimensional array 903contains the node weights (i.e. wt[j] is the sum of the edge pricesbetween node 0 and node j along the shortest path). It is understoodthat the sentinel price of 1000 is intended purely for illustration andthat in an implementation, the sentinel price would be much greater thanany actual price but still within the range of numbers that can behandled by the computing system without causing an overflow.

The second step in calculating the implied markets is to reweight theedges. FIG. 10 shows the application of a reweighting rule where the newprice of an edge is obtained by adding the original price to the weightof the source node and subtracting the weight of the target node. Order1001 in FIG. 10 corresponds to order 601 from FIG. 6 with a new pricecomputed using the weights of node 0 and node 1 from FIG. 9. Order 1002in FIG. 10 corresponds to order 602 from FIG. 6 given the sametreatment. The result of this procedure is to make all of the edgeprices non-negative. Those of skill in the art will appreciate thatconverting from a machine price to a non-negative reweighted edge pricefor use in Dijkstra's algorithm is a straightforward procedure.Implementations herein are described in terms of reweighted prices withthe understanding that other weightings, scalings and representations ofthe order price, time and volume are also possible.

FIG. 11 shows a more complicated example with the prices alreadyreweighted. FIG. 12 shows the simplified node and edge graphrepresentation. It is understood that although the relationship betweenorders and edges has been illustrated with individual orders, an edgecan represent multiple orders at the same price level. In animplementation, there is only a single edge allowed in each directionbetween each pair of nodes. The price of this edge is the price of thebest bid or ask in the contract side corresponding to the node pair. Thevolume of the edge is the total volume in the orders at the best pricelevel. The time priority of the edge is the time priority of theearliest order in the best price level, also referred to as thefront-of-queue order.

FIG. 13 to FIG. 19 show the shortest path trees for all seven rootnodes. FIG. 20 collects the SPT vectors for each of these roots in amatrix shown as a two-dimensional array, spt[i,j]. A Match Enginespecified in the Match Engine Modeling Language can be implemented usinggraph theory techniques to calculate the implied markets. Therepresentation of implied markets as a collection of shortest path treesis based on this approach. It should be understood that the matrix is anabstraction used for illustration, that the array is a specific exampleand that the trees can be stored in a variety of different forms.

For example, row 0 of the spt[i,j] array (2001 in FIG. 21) representsthe shortest path tree shown in FIG. 13. The value of 0 in column 0 ofthis row 2002 indicates that 0 is its own predecessor as the root of itstree. The value of 0 in column 1 (2003 in FIG. 21) indicates that node 0is the predecessor of node 1 in the tree. The equivalent relationshipscan be seen in the graph of FIG. 13, where the root 131 has an edge 132leading to node 1 (133). Node 5 is unreachable in FIG. 13 (134) andtherefore has 5 as its predecessor in row 0 of the spt matrix (2005 inFIG. 21).

In calculating the shortest path tree for a given root, the Implicatormay determine that there is an implied (indirect) path with the sameprice but a different time priority than a real (direct) path. If itencounters an implied (indirect) path with a later time priority thanthe real path, it may record the implied path as an “implied edge” in animplied edge collection. In FIG. 12, such a path is formed by edges 121,122, 123 and 124, which form the path 6-5-4-1-0. The shortest path treein FIG. 19 shows this implied edge with a dashed line to indicate thatit must be represented outside the array of predecessors stored in thespt[i,j] array. In an implementation, the container for these edges isreferred to as the implied edge collection, which is associated with theshortest path tree that originates at the same root.

As previously stated, the non-negative reweighted edge prices reflectthe differences between the best path on the buy side of the market andthe best path on the sell side. In particular, the reweighted prices forall nodes reachable on the shortest path tree from virtual node 0 willthemselves be zero. The prices for the paths between other root nodesand node 0 in their shortest path trees will represent the bid/askspread in the corresponding market. This property extends to spreadcontracts but requires more computation since either side of a spreadmarket can in theory be part of the shortest path tree rooted at node 0.This property of the shortest path trees is exploited in certainfiltering operations described hereunder.

As previously mentioned, the Match Engine categorizes the incoming orderevents as Implicator events depending on the changes they cause to astored edge. FIG. 22 shows an exemplary list of such events and how theycan occur. In an implementation, these events correspond to methodsdefined in the interface that connects the Implicator with the otherparts of the Match Engine Core.

The Implicator analyzes the current implied orders to determine whichtrees, if any, will be changed by the changed edge and which nodes inthese trees, if any, need to be recalculated. Each Implicator event hasan analysis, including the default event for which the analysis simplydesignates all of the trees and all of their nodes for recalculation.

For every event there is a root set and a global change set. The rootset contains the root nodes of the trees that are affected by thechange. Each root in the root set has a root-specific change set thatcontains the nodes that are affected in the tree originating at thatroot. There is also a global change set that contains all of the nodesthat are affected in all of the trees, which may be expressedmathematically as the union of the root-specific change sets. It ispossible for the root set to be empty, in which case the change sets areautomatically empty. If the root set is non-empty it is possible for anyor all of the change sets to be empty. These sets are mathematicalabstractions used to describe the algorithm and it is not necessary forthe Implicator to construct them explicitly.

In an implementation, the spt[i,j] array can be used to identify thetrees that contain a given edge. For example, the 1-0 edge is known tobe present in the trees for roots 1, 2, 4 and 5, as can be seen in FIG.14 (141), FIG. 15 (151), FIG. 17 (171) and FIG. 18 (181). In thespt[i,j] array, each tree is represented by a row. Each node isrepresented by a column. In column 0 (2002), 1 is the predecessor of 0in rows 1, 2, 4 and 5. These are the trees that contain the 1-0 edge.

In an implementation, the spt[i,j] array can be used to identify treeswhich do not contain a given edge but which might contain that edgeafter the properties of that edge have changed. For example, in FIG. 20,the trees where node 1 has a predecessor other than itself areidentifiable in column 1 as 0, 3 and 6. Additional criteria are thenapplied to determine which of these roots are relevant to the currentImplicator event. Such criteria are calculated using node and edgeproperties that can be obtained from the data structure that representsthe graph. Examples of such structures are the adjacency matrix andadjacency list, but the invention does not depend on any specificrepresentation so long as the properties of nodes and edges can beretrieved for use by the Implicator in a timely manner.

Application of additional criteria to determine which roots should havetheir trees recalculated in connection with the current Implicator eventcan be illustrated in a “Better Best” event, where, in our example, animprovement in the 1-0 edge could result in 1 becoming the predecessorof 0 in trees 0, 3 and 6. In this case, however, node 0 is excluded fromthe calculation, i.e. its tree should not be recalculated, because animprovement in the edge leading into node 0 cannot improve anything inthe tree that originates with node 0. The root, by definition, has nopredecessor. Continuing with this case, node 3 is excluded. This isillustrated in FIG. 16, where it is shown that, for the 1-0 edge toimprove any path from 3 to 0, the path would have to go from 3 to 0 to 1and back to 0 again—which contains a cycle which the graph is known notto contain. Expressed a different way, the path from 3 to 1 plus anyimprovement in 1-0 will be worse than the existing path from 3 to 0.Finally, in this case, the tree for node 6 is not excluded based uponthese criteria. The tree rooted at node 6 will be recalculated,whereupon the 6-5-4-1-0 path will be found to result in a better price(see FIG. 12), the shortest path tree will be updated to contain thispath (see FIG. 19) and the path then will be deleted from the root'simplied edge collection.

As previously mentioned, the Implicator allocates independent subgroupsof implied calculations to a number of independent threads of execution.In an implementation, the Implicator creates objects which extend thethread object provided by the programming language. A thread is createdfor each of the nodes in the contract grid so that each threadcorresponds to a root. Each thread maintains its own shortest path tree,implied edge collection and other data associated with the tree's root.In an implementation, the shortest path tree may be represented by acollection of one-dimensional arrays containing predecessors, prices,times and volumes, as previously described. The objects have methods forsetting their internal variables and a “run” method to begin theirexecution. The methods may read and write their local variables but areallowed only to read the variables they share with the parent thread. Inthis manner their execution can proceed in parallel.

In an implementation, the Implicator passes parameters to the threadsthat they can use to determine their root-specific change sets orotherwise reduce the extent of their calculations. For example, in a“Worse Best” event, it is known in advance that the implied orders caneither be worsened or stay the same; no improvements are possible. Nodeswhere a direct path (i.e. a single real edge) is the best path cannothave this path replaced by a newly discovered indirect path (i.e. animplied). Such nodes can be excluded from the root-specific change set.

As previously mentioned, the Implicator sets filter criteria to limitthe reporting of implied orders in the market data to those with thegreatest business value, a technique referred to herein as revenueshaping, because the transmitted data can be prioritized according tothe revenue it is likely to generate. This is a significant part of theinvention, as the speed increase from parallel computation will not befully exploited if the other parts of the Match Engine or the othercomponents of the trading system cannot keep up. Although the inventionhas been described with the filtering being performed inside the MatchEngine, it is also possible for the filtering to be performed at otherpoints in the trading system.

For example, there are two simple criteria that can be applied eitherindividually or in combination: bid/ask spread in ticks and number ofevents since the last trade. It is understood that a wide variety offilters are possible and that their specific details are determined bythe business needs of the exchange. In an implementation, these filtercriteria would be based on a filtering policy that could be representedas a set of expressions in an appropriate language, such as XML.

Continuing this example, FIG. 22 shows data that an exchange might usein creating a filtering policy. The two contracts shown have verydifferent properties, but both show the same basic relationship betweenthe bid/ask spread and the number of lots traded. The contract 221 shownin the upper graph is the front month at-the-money put option on crudeoil trading electronically for a full day on the New York MercantileExchange. Only 370 lots were traded. The second contract 223 is thefront month emiNY™ natural gas futures contract, traded electronicallyfor a full day on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Over 10,000 lotswere traded. In both cases, the majority of trades take place when thebid/ask spread prior to the trade was one tick (222, 224). The effect isstronger in the more heavily traded contract, the futures contact 223,but is still present in the option contract 221 even when the number oftrades is relatively small. Relationships that apply to multiplecontracts might be used to define the general rules in the filteringpolicy.

For the contracts shown, trading data shows that implied orders forwhich the bid/ask spread is smaller are more likely to be traded.However, implied orders in the market data are more likely to encouragetrades where they visibly narrow the spread or provide additionalvolume. The threshold criteria might therefore be defined to applyseparately to the calculation of implied orders and their publication inthe market data. An exchange Implied orders might be calculated for allmarkets with a bid/ask spread below the trading threshold, but onlyreported for markets where the bid/ask spread is large enough to beaffected by an implied or where the exchange wishes to show the presenceof orders (i.e. liquidity). The appropriate thresholds could bedifferent for each contract and might be represented withcontract-specific rules in the filtering policy.

Further continuing the example, FIG. 22 can also be used to estimate thefrequency of trades in the crude oil option contract 221. Even if thetwenty-four trades in this contract took place during brief periods whenthe underlying CLH8 contract was changing in price, these periods wereseveral minutes in duration and the rate of messages associated withthis contract was therefore relatively low. If a contract tradesinfrequently, then a long delay between two trades is likely to befollowed by another long delay before the next trade, which in thiscontext long means several seconds or more. Even though many of thetrades take place at bid/ask spreads of 6 or 7 ticks, the improvement ofthe spread from 7 to 6 may only result in one trade for every thousandoccurrences. In such a case, a time or rate criterion might form part ofa rule in the filtering policy.

In an implementation, the Match Engine reads a file containing thefiltering policy either as part of its initialization or when commandedto do so by the operator of the trading system. The filtering policy istranslated into time, rate and threshold criteria that can be passed tothe Implicator, from which an appropriate subset can be passed to eachthread of execution in an appropriate form. The criteria passed to eachthread may depend on the preceding orders and trades and may thereforebe updated by the Implicator or other parts of the Match Engine fromtime to time.

In an implementation, the Implicator provides the thread with a bid/askspread threshold, which may be common to all the contracts orspecialized for each, as suggested above. In the simplest form, if thenode prices calculated using Dijkstra's algorithm on reweighted edgesindicate that the difference between the best bid and the best ask wouldbe greater than this threshold, the market data is not passed back tothe Implicator for publishing. It is understood that the implied orderitself remains in the Match Engine and will be traded if an incomingorder matches its price, so that traders always receive the bestpossible fill for their orders. It is also understood that the publishedmarket data must indicate the deletion of implied orders that no longerexist.

In an implementation, the Implicator also provides the thread withmessage count threshold, which may be common to all the contracts orspecialized for each. If the difference between the best bid and bestask is greater than the bid/ask spread threshold, the market data is notpublished until the number of messages since the message that completedthe implied has exceeded the message count threshold.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that Dijkstra's algorithm addsnodes to the shortest path tree in order of their weight. As a result,the bid/ask spread criterion not only reduces the amount of market datato report, but also allows the algorithm to be terminated early, therebyreducing the computation time even further. The lowest weighted nodeshave the greatest probability of trading and therefore have the greatestrevenue potential.

In an implementation, the Adaptation Layer may measure the rate at whichmessages are arriving and compare this with a table of input ratethresholds and output market data volume targets, the latter beingspecific to the trading system and determined by the capacity of itshardware and software components. When the Adaptation Layer detects thata threshold has been crossed and the message rate is likely to remainwithin the range established by the neighboring thresholds, itcommunicates the corresponding market data volume target to the MatchEngine Core. A second table, with its entries based on measured traderbehavior, associates the target market data rate with a bid/ask spreadcriterion for each contract. This second table is made available to theMatch Engine Core and may be used by the Implicator to vary the bid/askspread criterion in response to conditions in the external tradingsystem, a technique referred to as adaptive implication.

As previously mentioned, the Implicator sets criteria for managing theexecution of the independent threads on separate CPUs. In animplementation, these criteria are passed to runtime library codeprovided as a part of the programming language and its associated toolswhich in turn pass criteria to the parts of the computer's operatingsystem that actually manage the threads of execution. For example,commonly-available versions of Java and C++ provide this type of librarycode.

Finally, the Implicator merges the filtered market data into a singlemessage appropriate for translation by the Adaptation Layer forpublication as market data to other components of the trading system. Inan implementation, each thread creates a list of implied market dataadditions, volume updates and deletions for the contracts associatedwith the nodes in the thread's shortest path tree. When the threadsignals the completion of its calculations to the Implicator, theImplicator adds the list to its collection of change lists for thecurrent event. When the last thread has reported or some other criteriahave been met, the Implicator passes the collection to a market datathread for translation into the form of message expected by the externaltrading system. This market data thread can be associated with theAdaptation Layer 202 shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 23 illustrates the performance of a Match Engine implemented inJava and running on a host with 16 processors. The top image shows theWindows Task Manager for execution in single-threaded mode where all theshortest path trees are calculated with a single thread. The bottomimage shows the execution in multithreaded mode. There are 56 morethreads active in the multithreaded version (479 versus 423). Thiscorresponds to the 49 trees that can be calculated in parallel and 7additional threads added by the Java Virtual Machine or other systemcomponents over which the Implicator has no direct control. The 49 treesresult from 4 products with full implication in the first 12 deliverymonths plus a virtual node.

In the lower image in FIG. 23, the most active processor at the farright is handling market data publication. The market data is beingfiltered with a very simple frequency filter referred to a “movie mode”,where the market data updates are published at a fixed rate for allcontracts, the rate being determined by the response time of the humanvisual system. In an implementation, the filtering could be furtherrefined to obtain the greatest amount of revenue producing market datafrom the available hardware.

In an exemplary implementation, a computer implemented method ofdetermining implied orders is provided. With reference to FIG. 24, theexemplary method 2400 comprises the steps of: receiving a first set ofone or more real orders 2410, identifying one or more implied orderswithin the first set of real orders 2420; identifying market datacorresponding to the implied orders 2425; receiving at least oneadditional real order 2530; determining the tradability of the at leastone additional real order 2440; identifying a set of resting orderswithin the first set of real orders 2445; and identifying one or moreimplied orders within the resting set of orders 2450

The step of receiving one or more real orders 2410 can include receivingreal market orders over a network. The one or more orders can bereceived in real time or in batches according to a predeterminedschedule. In an implementation, one or more real orders can be sent froma client through an order submission point, validated againstpredetermined criteria, and received at a match engine. The real ordercan include best bid data and best ask data.

The step of identifying one or more implied orders within the first setof real orders 2420 can include identifying implied order using anImplicator. Implied orders can be determined using a visual Match EngineModeling Language and graph theory, as described above. Identifying oneor more implied orders can include calculation of one or moreshortest-path-trees including one or more nodes.

Market data associated with the implied orders and/or real orders canalso be identified, as in step 2425. Market data can include aninstrument or contract identifier, a side, which may be buy or sell, aprice, a quantity available for trading at that price, such as thenumber of contracts, the origin of the quantity, which may be real orimplied and the action by the trading system that caused the market datato be identified or published, such as the addition of a new pricelevel, deletion of a price level, change of the available quantity at aprice level or change in the state of a market. In some market statesthe market data may contain summary or indicative data to assist theclient in interpreting the basic prices and quantities. Market data thatwill be transmitted in the form of a message may also include data toidentify its provenance and facilitate its delivery, such as the timeand location of its calculation or identification, the names of thoseentitled to receive it, and so on.

An additional real order can be received, 2430. The additional realorder can sent from a client through an order submission point,validated against predetermined criteria, and received at a matchengine. In an implementation, using a match engine, the additional realorder can be compared against the real or implied orders to determine ifa tradable match exists. Upon determination that an additional realorder is tradable against a real or implied order, the match engine canexecute a trade as described above. If the additional real order is nottradable against the real or implied orders in the first set, theadditional real order can be added to the first set of real orders. Theadditional real order can be stored for later processing. The additionalorder can be added to a set of resting orders.

Upon receipt of an addition real order, such additional real order canbe categorized according to its affect on a directed edge or its affecton a shortest-path-tree. The additional real order can be categorized byone or more categories including, better best price, worse best price,greater volume in best level, and less volume in best level. Othercategories can be used. Upon determining that a tree is affected by theadditional real order, new values for trees or nodes of trees can becalculated.

A set of resting orders can be determined by identifying those real andor implied orders that remain from the first set of real orders afterthe additional real order has been found to be tradable against a realor implied order. Having identified the resting set of orders 2445,additional implied orders can then be calculated 2450, in a mannersimilar that described above.

Implied orders and tradable matches between the additional real orderand other real orders or implied orders can be sent in the form of amessage over an electronic trading system as described above.

Other implementations are possible. For example, in an implementation, acomputer implemented method for calculating and trading implied ordersis provided. A first set of one or more real orders can be received at amatch engine. The one or more real orders can be within a first set ofreal orders wherein individual real orders are not tradable against eachother because: prices do not match between real orders; volumes areinsufficient or do not match; or one or more real orders required tocomplete a trade is not present within the first set of real orders. Thefirst set of real orders can further belong to a resting set of realorders within the match engine or stored elsewhere in the electronictrading system. The resting set of orders can comprise all or part ofthe first set of real orders wherein the real orders are unmatched fortrading, and/or have not been traded in an executed trade.

One or more implied orders can be calculated from the real orders in thefirst set of real orders. Related groups of real or implied orders canbe linked or associated together, wherein the prices of related ordersmay be added or otherwise combined to calculate the price of an impliedorder. Appropriate scaling and reweighting can be used in order to formgroups of related orders. Volumes of implied orders can be determinedfrom the volumes available at the price level or levels of each order inthe linked chain of orders. As such, prices and volumes of impliedorders are determined, and groups of related implied orders can beformed. Groups of related implied orders can be assigned to parallelthreads of execution and managed according to optimize performance andefficiency of the match engine and the electronic trading system as awhole.

Market data corresponding to real and implied orders can be identifiedas implied orders are calculated and associated into related groups. Themarket data can include criteria for publishing either the implied orderand/or the corresponding market data.

An additional real order can be received by the match engine. Theadditional real order can be analyzed to determine the tradability ofthe real order against the first set of real orders, the resting set oforders, or one or more groups of related implied orders. The additionalreal order can be tradable against one or more real orders in theresting set or first set of real orders based on the principle that animplied order represents a set of real orders whose prices and volumesallow the real orders to be traded with a yet to be received real orderon the opposite side of the market.

If the additional real order is tradable against one or more real orderswithin the resting set or first set of real orders, a trade can beexecuted.

The resting set and/or the first set of real orders can be updated toreflect the executed trade. Additionally, if a trade is not executed,the resting set or the first set of real orders can be updated toreflect yet another real order received at the match engine or any othernewly received order. One or more implied orders can be identifiedwithin the updated resting set.

Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments ofthe subject matter described in this specification can be implemented asone or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules ofcomputer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium forexecution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, or a combination ofone or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompassesall apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including byway of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multipleprocessors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition tohardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computerprogram in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or acombination of one or more of them.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can bedeployed in any form, including as a stand alone program or as a module,component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computingenvironment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to afile in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a filethat holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in amarkup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program inquestion, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store oneor more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer programcan be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computersthat are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded inanother device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable forstoring computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subjectmatter described in this specification can be implemented on a devicehaving a display, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystaldisplay) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboardand a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the usercan provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visualfeedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from theuser can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactileinput.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browserthrough which a user can interact with an implementation of the subjectmatter described in this specification, or any combination of one ormore such back end, middleware, or front end components. The componentsof the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digitaldata communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a widearea network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the invention or of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particularembodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described inthis specification in the context of separate embodiments can also beimplemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures that are described in the context of a single embodiment canalso be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in anysuitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be describedabove as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed assuch, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some casesbe excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may bedirected to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that the described program components and systems cangenerally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Thus, particular embodiments of the invention have been described. Otherembodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example,the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different orderand still achieve desirable results.

1. A computer implemented method for trading implied orders in anelectronic trading system, comprising: receiving at a match engine afirst set of one or more real orders, wherein the orders are nottradable against each other; identifying one or more implied orderscalculated from the real orders in the first set of real orders, whereinthe one or more implied orders form one or more groups of relatedimplied orders; assigning the one or more groups of related impliedorders to parallel threads of execution within the match engine;receiving at least one additional real order at the match engine;determining whether the additional real order is tradable against one ormore real orders within the first set of real orders utilizing one ormore implied order groups; executing a trade between the at least oneadditional real order and one or more real orders within the first setof real orders; updating the first set of real orders to reflect thetrade; and identifying one or more implied orders calculated from thereal orders in the updated set of real orders.
 2. The computerimplemented method of claim 1 further comprising translating the realorders according to a syntactic mapping of a modeling language in whichthe method for determining implied orders has been specified, saidtranslation associating expressions in the modeling language withtransformations of data stored in variables defined in a computerprogramming language and thereby associated with the memory of thecomputer.
 3. The computer implemented method of claim 2 whereintranslating includes mapping a unique trading system identifierassociated with an order onto a pair of nodes associated with elementson a contract grid, and mapping of prices with trading system units anddecimal precisions onto common unit or unit-free integer prices witheither the buy or the sell prices multiplied by negative one so thattradability is represented by a zero or negative sum of order prices. 4.The computer implemented method of claim 2 further comprisingtranslating the identified implied orders according to a syntacticmapping of a modeling language for use in an electronic trading system.5. The computer implemented method of claim 2 wherein the first set ofreal orders and the at least one additional real order include orderprices for the best bid and best ask for each order in the set, whereina reweighting procedure is applied so that the best bid and best ask areassociated with directed edges having non-negative prices.
 6. Thecomputer implemented method of claim 2 wherein identifying one or moreorders implied by the first set of real orders includes calculation ofone or more shortest path trees, said shortest path trees including oneor more nodes.
 7. The computer implemented method of claim 6 furthercomprising: categorizing the at least one additional real orderaccording to its effect on a directed edge; analyzing the shortest pathtrees to determine which trees or nodes within a tree are affected bythe at least one additional order; calculating new values for eachaffected tree, wherein the calculation for each affected tree isallocated to an independent thread of execution; merging the new valuecalculations with identified implied orders; and reporting theidentified implied orders in a message suitable for translation toexternal form.
 8. The computer implemented method of claim 7 whereincategorizing the additional market order comprises the categories of:better best price, worse best price, greater volume in best level, andless volume in best level.
 9. The computer implemented method of claim 7wherein analyzing the shortest path trees identifies potentially changedtrees as members of a root set.
 10. The computer implemented method ofclaim 7 wherein analyzing the shortest path trees identifies thepotentially changed nodes within each tree as the members of a globalchange set or root-specific change set.
 11. The computer implementedmethod of claim 7 wherein allocation to an independent thread furthercomprises calculation of one or more parameters that an independentthread can use to compute a root specific change set.
 12. The computerimplemented method of claim 7 further comprising setting filter criteriathat limits implied orders or related market data associated withaffected trees.
 13. The computer implemented method of claim 12 whereinthe filter criteria is related the probability that an implied order ina specific tradable contract will result in an executed trade.
 14. Thecomputer implemented method of claim 13 wherein the probability is basedon relationship between the size of a bid/ask spread and the volumetraded at that spread.
 15. The computer implemented method of claim 13wherein the probability is based on a time difference between theidentification of an implied order and an order that trades with theimplied order.
 16. The computer implemented method of claim 7 whereinthe filter criteria is adjusted automatically to expand or contract theamount of published market data in response to changes in tradingconditions.
 17. The computer implemented method of claim 16 wherein thechanges in trading conditions comprises the rate at which the first orsecond set of market orders are received
 18. The computer implementedmethod of claim 7 wherein calculating the shortest path trees includesrecording of alternative paths in an implied edge collection when anindirect path is at the same price as a direct path but worse in anon-price property.
 19. The computer implemented method of claim 18wherein the non-price property comprises time, volume, time and volume,or detection order.
 20. A computer readable medium having stored thereona computer program that, when executed causes a computer to perform thesteps of: receiving a first set of one or more real orders, wherein theorders are not tradable against each other; translating the first set ofreal orders into a form suitable for the calculation of implied orders,possibly according to a syntactic mapping of a modeling language;identifying one or more implied orders calculated from the first set ofreal orders; identifying publishable market data corresponding to theimplied orders; receiving at least one additional real order;identifying sets of tradable orders between the at least one additionalorder and the one or more real orders in the first set of real ordersutilizing implied orders; executing the identified trades; updating thefirst set of real orders to account for any executed trades; andcommunicating the executed trades and the updated first set of realorders.
 21. The computer readable medium of claim 20 wherein identifyingone or more implied orders includes calculation of one or more shortestpath trees, said shortest path trees including one or more nodes. 22.The computer readable medium of claim 21 further comprising the stepsof: categorizing the at least one additional real order according to itseffect on a directed edge; analyzing the shortest path trees todetermine which trees or nodes within a tree are affected by the atleast one additional real order; calculating new values for eachaffected tree, wherein the calculation for each affected tree isallocated to an independent thread of execution; merging the new valuecalculations with the implied orders and associated market data; andreporting the implied orders and market data in a message suitable fortranslation to external form.
 23. A system for determining impliedorders in an electronic trading environment, the system comprising: anetwork; one or more user devices in communication with the network; aprocessor in communication with the network, wherein the processor;receives a first set of one or more real orders, wherein the orders arenot tradable against each other and therefore rest in the memory of theprocessor as resting orders; translates the first set of real ordersinto a form suitable for the calculation of implied orders; identifiesone or more implied orders calculated from the first set of real;identifies publishable market data corresponding to the implied orders;receives at least one additional real order; identifies sets of tradableorders and executes the corresponding trades; updates the set of restingorders stored within the processor; and communicates the results of theexecuted trades and the updated set of resting orders.
 24. The system ofclaim 23, further comprising a processor, wherein the processorcalculates one or more shortest path trees, associated with the one ormore implied orders within the first set of real orders, said shortestpath trees including one or more nodes.
 25. The system of claim 24wherein the processor: categorizes the at least one additional realorder according to its effect on a directed edge; analyzes the shortestpath trees to determine which trees or nodes within a tree are affectedby the at least one additional real order; calculates new values foreach affected tree, wherein the calculation for each affected tree isallocated to an independent thread of execution; merges the new valuecalculations with the implied orders and associated market data; andreports the implied orders and market data in a message suitable fortranslation to external form.